Ephesians 2:13-14

EXAMINING EPHESIANS 2:13-14.
WHERE IS THE ENMITY, WHAT IS ABOLISHED, AND WHAT IS THE MIDDLE WALL OF SEPARATION?

Please turn to Ephesians 2:13-14:

          "For He himself is our peace, who has made both one, and has broken down the middle wall of 

          separation, having abolished in His flesh the enmity, that is, the law of commandments 

          contained in ordinances, so as to create in Himself one new man from the two, thus making 

          peace, and that he might reconcile them both to God in one body through the cross, thereby 

          putting to death the enmity."

Like many others who may be reading this, I too at one time thought the middle wall of separation was the wall which served to separate the inner Temple from the court of the Gentiles. I too believed that; because, it was what I had been taught by pastors as you probably have been. Here some photos may help you visualize what we have been taught was the "middle wall of separation" which served to keep Gentiles (Goyim) out of the temple.

What the inscription says is the following:

"No stranger is to enter within the balustrade

around the Temple and its enclosure.

Whoever is caught will be responsible

for his own death. 

According to the Mishnah (Middot II, 3) this 1.3m-long barrier was called the "soreg."

The Court of the Gentiles was the area between the "soreg" and the outer walls of the early square temple mount. The fact YHWH wants them to draw near; however, they were to be kept separate for a REASON. 

The reference to the "middle wall of separation" as being the "soreg" or "balustrade" in the Temple is actually incorrect. We will deal with this in another chapter entitled "The Middle Wall of Separation." Be sure to look for it. For now let us look more at the term "enmity."

When it came to the thing that brought enmity I had been taught it was the "law" the Torah of Moses; which Messiah nailed to the cross "abolishing" it "in his flesh." Imagine the frustration when I discovered that I couldn't have been more off base and misled. For some of you grappling with the idea that the Torah of Moses wasn't done away with may be a difficult pill for you to swallow. I recognize it might cause you to question what you had been taught or heard. When the truth hits you like a lightning bolt; please don't bash your pastor because he misled you out of ignorance. Pray for them; they have souls; and, need to see the truth just as badly as we do. In some cases they have walked away from lucrative careers to serve in ministry because they felt the call of God on their lives. Be gentle, yet firm and do your best to deliver the message in its fullness to them. Be as long-suffering with them as Messiah has been with you and I.

Before we dive into this passage I would like to point out the term "abolished" which in Greek is G2673 (καταργησας) katargeō

          pronounced "kat-arg-eh'-o" From G2596 and G691 means: to be (render) entirely idle 

          (useless), literally or figuratively:- abolish, cease, cumber, deliver, destroy, do away, become 

          (make) of no (none, without) effect, fail, loose, bring (come) to nought, put away (down),

          vanish away, make void.

Although it is a different word than is used in Matthew 5:17 when Messiah says "Do not think that I came to destroy the Law or the Prophets, I did not come to destroy but to fulfill;" this term "katargeo" has the effect or operation of the term Messiah used for "destroy." This term katargeo Strong's # G2673 appears forty-four (44) different times in the New Testament and is used primarily to convey something that has been made void, abolished, or done away with. Again; I would like to remind you that Messiah specifically said NOT TO THINK he had come to abolish the Torah or the Prophets. In fact the specific Greek term used in Matthew 5:17 for abolish only appears four (4) times in the New Testament. Subsequently it appears only (4) times in the LXX; one (1) time to translate a Hebrew term that means "to lodge or encamp" and has its root in another term that appears twice (2) to translate a Hebrew term that means "to stop." It also appears one (1) time to translate a Hebrew term that means "to cause to cease."

This term "katargeo" from Ephesians 2:13-14 appears only three (3) times in the LXX of the Old Testament and is used to translate the Hebrew term H989 (בּטל) b^eṭêl pronounced "bet-ale'" and means:
                         to stop: - (cause, make to), cease, hinder.

We will dig more deeply into this later. However for now I am going to assert to you that Messiah was saying "I have not come to stop; or;  cause to cease the law and the prophets but to consecrate them, or make them Holy." Messiah is RENEWING the Covenant; the one spoken of in Jeremiah 31:31 with the House of Judah and the House of Israel; and, is consecrating it with His own blood.

We have already seen in other passages how it cannot be the Law of Moses which was "abolished;" therefore, we must diligently seek another explanation. Whatever the identity is of the thing which is "abolished" it must:

     1) contain the element of enmity; and, 

     2) it must be intimately connected with ordinances that are contained in decrees. 

Remember, the term for "decrees" is the same root used in Colossians 2:14 "dogma;" and, as we examined earlier is NEVER used anywhere to specifically refer to the Torah of Moses or the instructions of YHWH. With that in mind I would like to pose a question for you to consider. 

Where in the Torah of Moses is there a statute; commandment; judgment; or ordinance that specifically indicates there is to be enmity there is to be enmity between Jews and Gentiles?

Are you aware of any? If we are honest with ourselves; and the text we can find examples of specific people groups with whom YHWH desired to punish because of their exceeding wickedness. Yet; we are unable to locate any instructions that require enmity towards Jews; or, Gentiles as a whole. In fact there are actually commands to the contrary! Turn with me to Leviticus 19:33-34:

          "And if a stranger dwells with you in your land, you shall not mistreat him. The stranger 

          who dwells among you shall be to you as one born among you, and you shall love him as 

          yourself; for you were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God."

Now turn with me to Exodus 22:21:

          "You shall neither mistreat a stranger nor oppress him, for you were strangers in the land of 

          Egypt."

Please turn now to Exodus 23:9:

          "And you shall not oppress a stranger, for you know the heart of a stranger, because you were 

          strangers in the land of Egypt."

You know the drill by now Exodus 23:12:

          "Six days you shall do your work, and on the seventh day you shall rest, that your ox and your 

          donkey may rest, and the son of your female servant and the stranger may be refreshed."

Again turn to Leviticus 19:9-10:

          "When you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not wholly reap the corners of your field, 

          nor shall you gather the gleanings of your harvest. And you shall not glean your vineyard, nor 

          shall you gather every grape of your vineyard; you shall leave them for the poor and the 

          stranger: I am the LORD your God."

Now Leviticus 24:22:

          "You shall have the same law for the stranger and for one from your own..."

Now Deuteronomy 1:16:

          "Then I commanded your judges at that time, saying, Hear the cases between your brethren, 

          and judge righteously between a man and his brother or the stranger who is with him."

Now Deuteronomy 5:12-14:

          "Observe the Sabbath day, to keep it holy, and the LORD your God commanded you. Six days 

          you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the LORD your 

          God. In it you shall do no work: you nor your son, nor your daughter, nor your male servant, 

          nor your female servant, nor your ox, nor your donkey nor any of your cattle, nor your 

          stranger who is within your gates, that your male servant and your female servant may rest as 

          well as you."

Now Deuteronomy 10:18-19:

          "He administers justice for the fatherless and the widow, and loves the stranger, giving him 

          food and clothing. Therefore love the stranger, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt."

Now Deuteronomy 14:28-28:

          "At the end of every third year you shall bring out the tithe of your produce of that year and 

          store it up within your gates. And the Levite, because he has no portion nor inheritance with 

          you, and the stranger and the fatherless and the widow who are within your gates, may come 

          and eat and be satisfied, that the LORD your God may bless you in all the work of your hand 

          which you do."

We could easily continue as there are a total of 78 passages containing the term "stranger" and in the TaNaK and they are all pretty much giving us the same idea. The idea that the "stranger" was to be loved; treated fairly; and, as equally as the natural born. Messiah Himself goes on to reinforce this idea in the Gospels. Come with me as we see what Messiah says about the "stranger." Turn to Matthew 25:33-40 please:

          ³³And He will set the sheep on His right hand, but the goats on the left. ³⁴Then the King will 

          say to those on His right hand, ‘Come, you blessed of My Father, inherit the kingdom prepared 

          for you from the foundation of the world: ³⁵for I was hungry and you gave Me food; I was 

          thirsty and you gave Me drink; I was a stranger and you took Me in; ³⁶I was naked and you 

          clothed Me; I was sick and you visited Me; I was in prison and you came to Me.’ ³⁷ “Then the

          righteous will answer Him, saying, ‘Lord, when did we see You hungry and feed You, or 

          thirsty and give You drink? ³⁸ When did we see You a stranger and take You in, or naked and 

          clothe You? ³⁹ Or when did we see You sick, or in prison, and come to You?’ ⁴⁰ And the King 

          will answer and say to them, ‘Assuredly, I say to you, inasmuch as you did it to one of the 

          least of these My brethren, you did it to Me.’ ⁴¹ “Then He will also say to those on the left 

          hand, ‘Depart from Me, you cursed, into the everlasting fire prepared for the devil and his 

          angels: ⁴² for I was hungry and you gave Me no food; I was thirsty and you gave Me no drink; 

          ⁴³ I was a stranger and you did not take Me in, naked and you did not clothe Me, sick and in 

          prison and you did not visit Me.’ ⁴⁴ “Then they also will answer Him, saying, ‘Lord, when did 

          we see You hungry or thirsty or a stranger or naked or sick or in prison, and did not minister 

          to You?’ ⁴⁵ Then He will answer them, saying, ‘Assuredly, I say to you, inasmuch as you did 

          not do it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to Me.’ ⁴⁶ And these will go away into 

          everlasting punishment, but the righteous into eternal life.”

Apparently Messiah Himself is in agreement with Torah as to how we are to treat the stranger. Turn with me to Luke 17:12-19:

          ¹¹ Now it happened as He went to Jerusalem that He passed through the midst of Samaria and 

          Galilee. ¹² Then as He entered a certain village, there met Him ten men who were lepers, who 

          stood afar off. ¹³ And they lifted up their voices and said, “Jesus, Master, have mercy on us!” 

          ¹⁴ So when He saw them, He said to them, “Go, show yourselves to the priests.” And so it was 

          that as they went, they were cleansed. ¹⁵ And one of them, when he saw that he was healed, 

          returned, and with a loud voice glorified God, ¹⁶ and fell down on his face at His feet, giving 

          Him thanks. And he was a Samaritan. ¹⁷ So Jesus answered and said, “Were there not ten 

          cleansed? But where are the nine? ¹⁸ Were there not any found who returned to give glory

          to God except this foreigner?” ¹⁹ And He said to him, “Arise, go your way. Your faith has 

          made you well.”

In this passage the Greek term for foreigner is Strong's # G241 (ἀλλογενής)  allogenēs pronounced "al-log-en-ace.'" From G243 and G1085; foreign, that is, not a Jew: - stranger. If Messiah was willing to HEAL a stranger and have mercy upon him, how then can we say it is the intention of YHWH to have enmity between those He intends to:

          "...create in Himself one new man from the two, thus making peace, and that He might 

          reconcile them both to God in one body through the cross, thereby putting to death the enmity."

          (Ephesians 2:15-15)

I tell you the truth there is no hostility or enmity between the natural born; or, the stranger who is brought into the fold of the people of YHWH called Israel. For before we had a relationship with Messiah we were considered Gentiles (uncircumcision) and we were called as such by those who believed they were Israel. Prior to our relationship with Messiah we were:

§  without Christ (mâshı̂yach)

§  aliens from the commonwealth (meaning citizenship) of Israel

§  were strangers from the covenants of promise (notice it is plural; not singluar)

§  having no hope

§  were without God (YHWH) in the world

Those things are all past. We have been brought near by the blood of Messiah. I am going to simply assert to you that you and I; by our faith in Messiah are grafted into the commonwealth of Israel. We have become fellow heirs in the promise and the covenant(s) made to Israel. If then there is no enmity contained in the Torah of Moses the instruction of YHWH where then can we find enmity being taught? I tell you the truth it is the "law of commandments contained in ordinances" which come from men and not YHWH.

The Greek term for enmity is Strong's # G2189 and has two forms (ἔχθρα) echthra pronounced "ekh'-thrah" and (εχθραν) echthran pronounced" ech'-thrahn." It is the Feminine of G2190; meaning hostility; by implication a reason for opposition: - enmity, hatred. It comes from G2190 (ἐχθρός) echthros pronounced "ekh-thros'" From a primary word ἔχθω echthō (to hate); hateful (passively odious, or actively hostile); usually as a noun, an adversary (especially Satan): - enemy, foe. 

Taking this term and examining where it is used in the LXX translation of the Old Testament as well as the New Testament should help shed some light for us on where enmity resides. This particular term appears only six (6) times in the New Testament; however in the LXX we see it used twelve (12) times; the first of which is in Genesis 3:15; turn there with me if you will:

          "And I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your seed and her seed; he 

          shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise His heel."

Satan has been and will continue to be a source of enmity towards the woman because the Son of the Promise would come from her. Notice also that there are two seeds; the adversary's seed; and, the seed of the woman. I will assert to you that even here we see foreshadowing of the two final congregations; one is called "blessed" and the other "cursed." The Hebrew term which is rendered "enmity" and translated into the Greek "echthra" is:

          H342 (איבה) 'êybâh which is pronounced "ay-baw.'"  From H340; hostility: - enmity, hatred. 

Interestingly enough the root H340 means to hate as if one from an opposite tribe and only occurs one (1) time in the TaNaK. The next time we see the term (εχθραν) in the LXX is in Numbers 35:22: Turn to verse 20 to start:

          "²⁰ If he pushes him out of hatred or, while lying in wait, hurls something at him so that he 

          dies, ²¹ or in enmity he strikes him with his hand so that he dies, the one who struck him shall 

          surely be put to death. He is a murderer. The avenger of blood shall put the murderer to death 

          when he meets him. However, if he pushes him suddenly without enmity, or throws anything 

          at  him without lying in wait, or uses a stone, by which a man could die, throwing it without 

          seeing him, so that he dies, while he was not his enemy or seeking his harm, then the             

          congregation shall judge between the manslayer and the avenger of blood according to these 

          judgments."

Obviously the context here is the desire to murder, or to bring harm to the other party. Keep that in mind because I will be sharing with you later decrees of men throughout history that are examples of the type of enmity which has existed between those who have NOT followed Messiah in His footsteps even though He paved the way for them to do so. Next turn to Proverbs 26:26 for context please start in verse 24:

          "²⁴ He who hates, disguises it with his lips, and lays up deceit within himself; ²⁵ when he 

          speaks kindly, do not believe him, for there are seven abominations in his heart; ²⁶ though his 

          hatred is covered by deceit His wickedness will be revealed before the assembly."

The one with enmity in his heart seeks to disguise it and does so deceitfully. Turn with me to Isaiah 63:10 please.

          "¹⁰ But they rebelled and grieved His Holy Spirit; so He turned Himself against them as an 

          enemy, and He fought against them."

One who has enmity makes themselves an enemy of God; and, His servants by default. Please turn to Jeremiah 9:8 if you would.

          "...Their tongue is an arrow shot out; it speaks deceit; one speaks peaceably to his neighbor 

          with his mouth, but in his heart he lies in wait."

In the LXX it actually reads as follows:

          βολὶς τιτρώσκουσα ἡ γλῶσσα αὐτῶν, δόλια τὰ ῥήματα τοῦ στόματος αὐτῶν· τῷ πλησίον 

          αὐτοῦ λαλεῖ εἰρηνικὰ καὶ ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἔχει τὴν ἔχθραν.

Transliterated into English in the exact word order it would read this way:

          Arrow is a piercing their tongue deceitful words of their mouth; to his neighbor one speaks 

         peaceably, and in himself he has hatred.

The Hebrew doesn't actually use the term for hatred in this passage however it is implied. Here is what the Hebrew states:

 חץ^{H2671 an arrow} שׁוחט^{H7819 shot out;} לשׁונם^{H3956 Their tongue}

מרמה^{H4820 deceit:} דבר^{H1696 it speaketh} בפיו^{H6310 with his mouth,}

שׁלום^{H7965 peaceably}  את^{H854 to}  רעהו^{H7453 his neighbor} 

ידבר^{H1696 speaketh} ובקרבו^{H7130 but in heart} ישׂים^{H7760 he layeth} 

ארבו׃^{H696 his wait.}

What struck me as intriguing was when I looked at the term for "wait" to be lying in wait. Here is what I learned. H696 is (ארב) 'ôreb pronounced "o'-reb" The same as H695: - wait. Nothing sticking out like a sore thumb yet. However when you look at H695 (ארב) 'ereb pronounced "eh'-reb" From H693; ambuscade: - den, lie in wait. Then I looked at H693, are you ready?

          H693 (ארב) 'ârab aw-rab' A primitive root; to lurk: - (lie in) ambush (-ment), lay (lie in) wait.

You may say that I am reaching and in a sense I am. Consider this; perhaps it is just a coincidence that the Arab people have at their core a religion (Islam) that teaches its followers to lie in wait, to ambush its enemies. It teaches enmity towards Israel who is called "my people" by God over 82 times in the Bible. I am not asserting that Arabs are THE source or cause of enmity; but rather that they are just one of the more easily identified subjects from whom it comes forth. Turn with me to Ezekiel 35:5 please:

          "⁵ Because you have had an ancient hatred, and have shed the blood of the children of Israel 

          by the power of the sword at the time of their calamity, when their iniquity came to an end, 

          ⁶ therefore as I live says the LORD GOD, "I will prepare you for blood, and blood shall pursue 

          you; since you have not hated blood, therefore blood shall pursue you. ⁷ Thus I will make 

          Mount Seir most desolate, and cut off from it the one who leaves and the one who returns.

          ⁸ And I will fill its mountains with the slain; on your hills and in your valleys and in all your 

          ravines those who are slain by the sword shall fall. ⁹ I will make you perpetually desolate, and 

          your cities shall be uninhabited; then you shall know that I am the LORD."

Here is the LXX for verse Ezekiel 35:5:

          ἀντὶ τοῦ γενέσθαι σε ἐχθρὰν αἰωνίαν καὶ ἐνεκάθισας τῷ οἴκῳ Ισραηλ δόλῳ ἐν χειρὶ ἐχθρῶν 

          μαχαίρᾳ ἐν καιρῷ ἀδικίας ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτῳ,

It is transliterated this way in the Apostolic Polyglot:

          Because you became enemy an eternal and sat in a place against the House of Israel with 

          treachery, by the hand of enemies with a sword in time of iniquity at the last.

Fascinating it is to find passages like this that shine a light on matters of prophetic significance at a time when the world is barreling rapidly towards a cataclysmic collision of cultures between Israel and her enemies. There is no option of sitting the conflict out. You must choose which side you want to belong to. One that has enmity or one that does not. Remember there are no sheep-goats in the judgment of mankind; you are either a sheep; or, a goat. Having enmity makes you an eternal enemy of the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob; and, Messiah's death is supposed to put that enmity to death in His flesh so that Israel and those to whom the Father calls to be grafted in among them are not hostile towards one another but rather would love each other as commanded in the Torah of Moses the instruction of YHWH. Turn with me to Ezekiel 35:10 please:

          "¹⁰ Because you have said, 'These two nations and these two countries shall be mine, and 

          we shall possess them,' although the LORD was there, ¹¹ therefore as I live,' says the LORD 

          God, 'I will do according to your anger (εχθραν) and according to the envy which you showed 

          in your hatred against them; and I will make myself known among them when I judge you.

          ¹² Then you shall know that I am the LORD. I have heard all you blasphemies which you

          have spoken again the mountains of Israel, saying, 'They are desolate; they are given to us to 

          consume.' ¹³ Thus with your mouth you have boasted against Me and multiplied your words 

          against Me; I have heard them." Thus says the LORD God" 'The whole Earth will rejoice 

          when I make you desolate. As you rejoiced because the inheritance of the house of Israel was 

          desolate, so I will do to you; you shall be desolate, I Mount Seir, as well as all of Edom--all of 

          it! Then they shall know that I am the LORD.'"

Can we see here that those who have enmity (rendered anger in English) toward the house of Israel are in a dangerous place? If we consider the opposite then those who do NOT have enmity; because it has been put to death in the flesh of Messiah, LOVE Israel? It goes further my friends and is inclusive of the Torah of Moses the instruction of YHWH. Turn with me now to Romans 8:6 please.

          "⁶ For to be carnally minded is death, but to be spiritually minded is life and peace. Because 

          the carnal mind is enmity against God; for it is not subject to the law of God, nor can it be.

          ⁸ So then those who are in the flesh cannot please God."

Friends, to have enmity with God means you are not "subject" to the law of God. I cannot stress the importance of this term enough. The meaning of the term "subject" is very, very, very important. I tell you the truth; it will be a matter of life or death for you to understand; or to fail to understand it. It is Strong's # G5293:

          (ὑποτάσσω) hupotassō pronounced "hoop-ot-as'-so" From G5259 and G5021; to subordinate; 

          reflexively to obey: - be under obedience (obedient), put under, subdue unto, (be, make) 

          subject (to, unto), be (put) in subjection (to, under), submit self unto.

Notice that this subjection is to the Law of God (YHWH). Not some false god. As the Islamic Caliphate is forming before our very eyes commanding it's followers to submit to the False Prophet named Mohammad and to obey Satan disguised as "Allah" Christians are blinded by pride and ignorance. For too long the church has taught and shouted loudly "we are not UNDER the Law but UNDER grace" all the while misunderstanding what it means to be "under" the law. When we subject ourselves or make ourselves obedient to the Torah of Moses the instructions of YHWH we act in a manner that Scripture says is righteous, clean, holy, set apart. Would you rather be set apart or carnally minded? When we walk in disobedience we do so because we either have not subjected ourselves to; or, choose not to be obedient to the Torah of Moses the instructions of YHWH the law of God. Romans even expresses that the problem was not the law itself; but our flesh because of our own weaknesses. It is not the law that was weak; but our flesh. I myself can attest to the weakness in my own flesh; and, wish that I was always walking in the Spirit 100% of the time. If I did; I would walk as my King walked in obedience to the Father and His instructions. Turn with me to James 4:4 please.

          " ⁴ Adulterers and adulteresses! Do you not know that friendship with the world is enmity 

          with God? Whoever therefore wants to be a friend of the world makes himself an enemy of 

          God. ⁵ Or do you think that the Scripture says in vain, 'The Spirit who dwells in us yearns 

          jealously'? ⁶ But He gives more grace. Therefore He says: 'God resists the proud, but gives 

          grace to the humble.'" ⁷ Therefore submit to God. Resist the devil and he will flee from you. 

          Draw near to God and He will draw near to you."

The term used here for "submit" is the SAME as the term in Romans 8:6 for "subject." James is quoting Proverbs 3:34 which begins in verse 1 with the following:

          "My son, do not forget my law (TORAH), but let your heart keep my commandments 

          (mitzvah). For length of days and long live and peace they will add to you."

Drawing near, subjecting, and submitting ourselves to God means that we also draw near to his commandments, statutes, judgments, and ordinances that He gave an instruction for ALL ISRAEL. Why? Because; we have become grafted into Israel by our faith. We DO NOT REPLACE HER; we are grafted into HER. Her sons and daughters become our brothers and sisters. Her mothers and fathers become our relatives. We become like Ruth when she went to Orpah and said:

          "For wherever you go, I will go; and wherever you will lodge, I will lodge, your people shall 

          be my people,  and your God, my God. Where you die, I will die, and there will I be buried. 

          The LORD do so to me, and more also, If anything but death parts you and me."

Ruth was blessed because of her faith. Just as Boaz was her kinsman redeemer so is Messiah ours. Messiah redeems us; and just as Boaz made Ruth his wife, so does Messiah come for His bride! Remember the Bride is one body; not two (2). She is of one (1) faith the same faith as Messiah; she is clean; pure; righteous; holy; without blemish. Messiah rejects the harlot; the whore of Babylon; the wanton counterfeit;  the lawless; Torah-less; statute violators; commandment rejecters; judgment ignorers; ordinance breakers who make up the body of the prostitute.

Turn with me now please to Galatians 5:19:

          "¹⁹ Now the works of the flesh are evident, which are: adultery, fornication, uncleanness, 

          lewdness, idolatry, sorcery, hatred, contentions, jealousies, outbursts of wrath, selfish 

          ambitions, dissensions, heresies, envy, murders, drunkenness, revelries, and the like; of which 

          I tell you beforehand, just as I told you in time past, that those who practice such things will 

          not inherit the kingdom of God."

I ask you, if we submit ourselves to the Torah of Moses, the instructions of YHWH and obey the statutes, commandments, judgments, and ordinances given to us; will we be find ourselves doing these things Paul says not to practice? I tell you the truth, if we submit ourselves to and are obedient to the Torah of Moses, the instructions of YHWH we will NOT do those things. There is and never has been enmity in the Torah of Moses, the instructions of YHWH. This leaves us needing to ask a very important question. If the enmity does not come from there Torah of Moses; then from where does it come? Come with me as we examine examples of where enmity is born.